- Author:
- Shelley Fong <sfon036@UoA.auckland.ac.nz>
- Date:
- 2024-08-29 14:15:46+12:00
- Desc:
- Adding Kv info
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://models.fieldml.org/workspace/b80/rawfile/2dd1cae98cf810d53e1bdc759f0f34f7362eb995/exposure/exposure_frontpage.rst
About
====================
Landing page for the delayed rectifier potassium channels, of rapid (**Kr**), slow (**Ks**) and ultra-rapid (**Kur**) variants.
Other name for these proteins: **Kv**, **KCNx** (x denotes letter from A to H), **hERG** (for Kv11.1 specifically).
These channels are known to transport potassium across the plasma membrane according to the concentration gradient. In cardiac cells, they are integral to the formation and maintenance of the action potential.
Kr, Ks and Kur are proposed to be formed of proteins that are from the same families (see table below).
Kv is thought to be tetrameric - made of four units of the pore-forming, alpha subunit protein. This is assembled with one or more units of the regulatory beta subunit. There may be other subunits that control channel gating.
Pictures
===================
.. figure:: exposure/K_channel_wikipedia.png
:width: 75%
:align: center
:alt: Kr_pic
Fig. 1. Schematic of delayed rectifier potassium channel action (purple channel), transferring potassium ions (purple triangles) from the extracellular fluid into the cell cytosol.
Subfamilies
===================
The following list contains a portion of all 12 subfamilies that fall under the Kv group. This portion pertains to the delayed rectifier current only.
.. csv-table:: Variants within the human species
:header: "Channel name", "Alias", "x", "Subunit", "Binds", "Current", Gene, Structure
:widths: 6, 7, 4, 6, 6, 6, 9, 9
"KCNAx", "Kv1.x", "1", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNA1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q09470/entry>`_, `SMR KCNA1 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q09470?csm=0A1B1AB87BCDDEBA>`_
" ", " ", "2 ", "alpha", " ", "Kr", `Uniprot KCNA2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q28293/entry>`_, `SMR KCNA2 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q28293?csm=394FDA7D04CA8EC8>`_
" ", " ", "3 ", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNA3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P22001/entry>`_, `PDB KCNA3 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/4BGC>`_
" ", " ", "5 ", "alpha", " ", "Kur", `Uniprot KCNA5 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P22460/entry>`_, `SMR KCNA5 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P22460?csm=A5B02B27F8396E3D>`_
" ", " ", "6 ", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNA6 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P17658/entry>`_, `SMR KCNA6 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P17658?csm=CFF0710A1F9CD69F>`_
" ", " ", "7 ", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNA7 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q96RP8/entry>`_, `SMR KCNA7 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q96RP8?csm=EF9980CF54D52FB8>`_
"KCNBx", "Kv2.x", "1", "alpha", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNB1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q14721/entry>`_, `PDB KCNB1 <https://pdbe-kb.org/proteins/Q14721>`_
" ", " ", "2 ", "alpha ", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNB2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q92953/entry>`_, `SMR KCNB2 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q92953?csm=2261D7D6280CF81A>`_
"KCNCx","Kv3.x", "1", alpha, " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNC1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P48547/entry>`_, `PDB KCNC1 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/7PHH>`_
" ", " ", "2", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNC2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q96PR1/entry>`_, `SMR KCNC2 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q96PR1?csm=211CAF8395A58C5D>`_
" ", " ", "3", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNC3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q14003/entry>`_, `SMR KCNC3 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q14003?csm=B44306B850DFD797>`_
" ", " ", "4", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNC4 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q03721/entry>`_, `PDB KCNC4 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/1B4G>`_
"KCNGx", "Kv6.x", "1", alpha, " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNG1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9UIX4/entry>`_, `SMR KCNG1 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q9UIX4?csm=A002F1C0EF2FBDC5>`_
" ", " ", "2", "alpha ", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNG2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9UJ96/entry>`_, `SMR KCNG2 <https://www.uniprot.org/database?query=(name:SMR)&direct>`_
" ", " ", "3", "alpha ", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNG3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q8TAE7/entry>`_, `SMR KCNG3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q8TAE7/entry>`_
" ", " ", "4", "alpha ", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNG4 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q8TDN1/entry>`_, `SMR KCNG4 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q8TDN1?csm=E5BBA354931AB0A4>`_
"KCNQx", "Kv7.x", "1", "alpha", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNQ1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P51787/entry>`_, `PDB KCNQ1 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/3BJ4>`_
" ", " ", "2", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNQ2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/O43526/entry>`_, `EMD KCNQ2 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/emdb/EMD-30443>`_
" ", " ", "3", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNQ3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/O43525/entry>`_, `PDB KCNQ3 <https://pdbe-kb.org/proteins/O43525>`_
" ", " ", "4", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNQ4 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P56696/entry>`_, `PDB KCNQ4 <https://pdbe-kb.org/proteins/P56696>`_
" ", " ", "5", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNQ5 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9NR82/entry>`_, `PDB KCNQ5 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/6B8Q>`_
"KCNSx", "Kv9.x", "1", alpha, " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNS1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q96KK3/entry>`_, `SMR KCNS1 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q96KK3?csm=00F0E415E3A68C91>`_
" ", " ", "2", "alpha", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNS2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9ULS6/entry>`_, `SMR KCNS2 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/O35174?csm=C7AD7AA3AE312B2C>`_
" ", " ", "3", "alpha", " ", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNS3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9BQ31/entry>`_, `SMR KCNS3 <https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q9BQ31?csm=FFE02CA3DCA50185>`_
"KCNHx", "Kv10.x", "1", "alpha", " ", " ", `Uniprot KCNH1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/O95259/entry>`_, `PDB KCNH1 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/5J7E>`_
" ", "Kv11.1/hERG", "2", "alpha", " ", "Kr", `Uniprot KCNH2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q12809/entry>`_, `PDB KCNH2 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/1BYW>`_
"KCNEx", "NA", "1", "beta", KCNQ1, "Ks", `Uniprot KCNE1 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/P15382/entry>`_, `PDB KCNE1 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/2K21>`_
" ", "NA", "2", "beta", " ", "Kr", `Uniprot KCNE2 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9Y6J6/entry>`_, `PDB KCNE2 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/2M0Q>`_
" ", "NA", "3", "beta", "KCNB1", "Ks", `Uniprot KCNE3 <https://www.uniprot.org/UniprotKb/Q9Y6H6/entry>`_, `PDB KCNE3 <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/view/entry/2NDJ>`_
Column **Binds** denotes what other protein the protein here binds to, to be functionally active. If item is blank, any binding activity was not experimentally found.
Column **Current** denotes which delayed rectifier current the protein has been experimentally found to contribute to.
Literature
===================
.. csv-table:: For further reading
:header: "Title", "Author"
:widths: 30, 15
"`Ultra-rapid delayed rectifier channels: molecular basis and therapeutic implications <https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvq398>`_", "Ravens and Wetter"
"`A computational model of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes incorporating experimental variability from multiple data sources <https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278739>`_", "Kernik et al."
Existing models
===================
.. csv-table:: Link to other PMR workspaces or exposures
:header: "Title", "Author"
:widths: 30, 15
"`BG_Kr <https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/82c>`_", "S Fong"
"`BG_Ks <https://models.physiomeproject.org/workspace/82d>`_", "S Fong"
"`Cellular consequences of HERG mutations in the long QT syndrome: precursors to sudden cardiac death*^ <https://models.physiomeproject.org/e/514>`_", "Clancy and Rudy"
"`Bond graph modelling of the cardiac action potential: Implications for drift and non-unique steady states^ <https://github.com/uomsystemsbiology/bond_graph_cardiac_AP>`_", "Pan et al."
"`A Model of the Ventricular Cardiac Action Potential - Depolarisation, Repolarisation and Their Interaction*^ <https://models.physiomeproject.org/exposure/2d2ce7737b42a4f72d6bf8b67f6eb5a2>`_", "Luo and Rudy"
Models denoted by [*] are not in bond graph form.
Models denoted by [^] are part of a whole cell model.
Other annotations
===================
.. csv-table::
:header: "Item", "Database"
:widths: 17, 15
"Voltage gated potassium channel subunits Kv1-12", "`Reactome <https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-1296098>`_"
"Protein activity", "`Gene Ontology <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005251>`_"
"Hierarchy of Kv channels", "`Interpro <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/InterPro/IPR003968/>`_"
